1 00:00:31,899 --> 00:00:34,540 it was called the National Advisory 2 00:00:34,540 --> 00:00:34,550 it was called the National Advisory 3 00:00:34,550 --> 00:00:36,970 it was called the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics a new 4 00:00:36,970 --> 00:00:36,980 Committee for Aeronautics a new 5 00:00:36,980 --> 00:00:39,280 Committee for Aeronautics a new independent agency created by President 6 00:00:39,280 --> 00:00:39,290 independent agency created by President 7 00:00:39,290 --> 00:00:43,119 independent agency created by President Woodrow Wilson in 1915 its job make the 8 00:00:43,119 --> 00:00:43,129 Woodrow Wilson in 1915 its job make the 9 00:00:43,129 --> 00:00:45,160 Woodrow Wilson in 1915 its job make the United States a world leader in the 10 00:00:45,160 --> 00:00:45,170 United States a world leader in the 11 00:00:45,170 --> 00:00:48,189 United States a world leader in the field of Aeronautics in less than three 12 00:00:48,189 --> 00:00:48,199 field of Aeronautics in less than three 13 00:00:48,199 --> 00:00:50,470 field of Aeronautics in less than three decades these early pioneers in aviation 14 00:00:50,470 --> 00:00:50,480 decades these early pioneers in aviation 15 00:00:50,480 --> 00:00:52,750 decades these early pioneers in aviation and those who followed would be called 16 00:00:52,750 --> 00:00:52,760 and those who followed would be called 17 00:00:52,760 --> 00:00:55,060 and those who followed would be called upon to think through problems a million 18 00:00:55,060 --> 00:00:55,070 upon to think through problems a million 19 00:00:55,070 --> 00:00:57,790 upon to think through problems a million miles away and do it with boldness and 20 00:00:57,790 --> 00:00:57,800 miles away and do it with boldness and 21 00:00:57,800 --> 00:01:02,380 miles away and do it with boldness and vision by the mid 1950s NACA had modern 22 00:01:02,380 --> 00:01:02,390 vision by the mid 1950s NACA had modern 23 00:01:02,390 --> 00:01:04,420 vision by the mid 1950s NACA had modern wind tunnels and was moving into the 24 00:01:04,420 --> 00:01:04,430 wind tunnels and was moving into the 25 00:01:04,430 --> 00:01:16,000 wind tunnels and was moving into the area of rocket and satellite research 26 00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:16,010 27 00:01:16,010 --> 00:01:20,300 then on October 7th 1957 the US and the 28 00:01:20,300 --> 00:01:20,310 then on October 7th 1957 the US and the 29 00:01:20,310 --> 00:01:21,860 then on October 7th 1957 the US and the rest of the world were greeted by the 30 00:01:21,860 --> 00:01:21,870 rest of the world were greeted by the 31 00:01:21,870 --> 00:01:26,150 rest of the world were greeted by the sounds of Sputnik 1 the Soviet Union had 32 00:01:26,150 --> 00:01:26,160 sounds of Sputnik 1 the Soviet Union had 33 00:01:26,160 --> 00:01:27,560 sounds of Sputnik 1 the Soviet Union had placed the first artificial satellite 34 00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:27,570 placed the first artificial satellite 35 00:01:27,570 --> 00:01:34,550 placed the first artificial satellite into orbit it would not be until early 36 00:01:34,550 --> 00:01:34,560 into orbit it would not be until early 37 00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:36,350 into orbit it would not be until early the following year that America's 38 00:01:36,350 --> 00:01:36,360 the following year that America's 39 00:01:36,360 --> 00:01:38,240 the following year that America's satellite Explorer London 40 00:01:38,240 --> 00:01:38,250 satellite Explorer London 41 00:01:38,250 --> 00:01:40,010 satellite Explorer London successfully orbited the earth and 42 00:01:40,010 --> 00:01:40,020 successfully orbited the earth and 43 00:01:40,020 --> 00:01:42,200 successfully orbited the earth and discovered a dense belt of radiation 44 00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:42,210 discovered a dense belt of radiation 45 00:01:42,210 --> 00:01:45,350 discovered a dense belt of radiation surrounding our planet who would have 46 00:01:45,350 --> 00:01:45,360 surrounding our planet who would have 47 00:01:45,360 --> 00:01:47,450 surrounding our planet who would have believed at this early stage that we 48 00:01:47,450 --> 00:01:47,460 believed at this early stage that we 49 00:01:47,460 --> 00:01:49,880 believed at this early stage that we will one day move out on the den driven 50 00:01:49,880 --> 00:01:49,890 will one day move out on the den driven 51 00:01:49,890 --> 00:01:52,580 will one day move out on the den driven upwards atmosphere to the very edge of 52 00:01:52,580 --> 00:01:52,590 upwards atmosphere to the very edge of 53 00:01:52,590 --> 00:01:58,030 upwards atmosphere to the very edge of our solar system 54 00:01:58,030 --> 00:01:58,040 55 00:01:58,040 --> 00:02:00,710 Project Mercury the country's first 56 00:02:00,710 --> 00:02:00,720 Project Mercury the country's first 57 00:02:00,720 --> 00:02:03,230 Project Mercury the country's first manned spaceflight program was given the 58 00:02:03,230 --> 00:02:03,240 manned spaceflight program was given the 59 00:02:03,240 --> 00:02:05,510 manned spaceflight program was given the go-ahead just one week after NASA was 60 00:02:05,510 --> 00:02:05,520 go-ahead just one week after NASA was 61 00:02:05,520 --> 00:02:14,010 go-ahead just one week after NASA was formed on October 1st 1958 62 00:02:14,010 --> 00:02:14,020 63 00:02:14,020 --> 00:02:16,420 seven test pilots were selected to 64 00:02:16,420 --> 00:02:16,430 seven test pilots were selected to 65 00:02:16,430 --> 00:02:23,610 seven test pilots were selected to become astronauts Donald K deep sleep 66 00:02:23,610 --> 00:02:23,620 67 00:02:23,620 --> 00:02:30,130 Alan B Shepard 68 00:02:30,130 --> 00:02:30,140 69 00:02:30,140 --> 00:02:36,400 Walter M schirra 70 00:02:36,400 --> 00:02:36,410 71 00:02:36,410 --> 00:02:41,750 Virgil I Gus Grissom 72 00:02:41,750 --> 00:02:41,760 73 00:02:41,760 --> 00:02:47,890 John h.glenn jr. 74 00:02:47,890 --> 00:02:47,900 75 00:02:47,900 --> 00:02:53,020 Leroy Gordon Cooper 76 00:02:53,020 --> 00:02:53,030 77 00:02:53,030 --> 00:02:58,820 and malcolm scott carpenter 78 00:02:58,820 --> 00:02:58,830 79 00:02:58,830 --> 00:03:01,430 the seven new astronauts spent months 80 00:03:01,430 --> 00:03:01,440 the seven new astronauts spent months 81 00:03:01,440 --> 00:03:03,710 the seven new astronauts spent months and months undergoing rigorous testing 82 00:03:03,710 --> 00:03:03,720 and months undergoing rigorous testing 83 00:03:03,720 --> 00:03:41,850 and months undergoing rigorous testing and training 84 00:03:41,850 --> 00:03:41,860 85 00:03:41,860 --> 00:03:43,890 and while they were being trained 86 00:03:43,890 --> 00:03:43,900 and while they were being trained 87 00:03:43,900 --> 00:03:46,650 and while they were being trained several monkeys took check rides in the 88 00:03:46,650 --> 00:03:46,660 several monkeys took check rides in the 89 00:03:46,660 --> 00:03:50,240 several monkeys took check rides in the new mercury spacecraft 90 00:03:50,240 --> 00:03:50,250 91 00:03:50,250 --> 00:04:17,990 you 92 00:04:17,990 --> 00:04:18,000 93 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:20,370 meanwhile the orbiting of unmanned 94 00:04:20,370 --> 00:04:20,380 meanwhile the orbiting of unmanned 95 00:04:20,380 --> 00:04:21,990 meanwhile the orbiting of unmanned satellites became more and more 96 00:04:21,990 --> 00:04:22,000 satellites became more and more 97 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:24,930 satellites became more and more commonplace and weather watchers like 98 00:04:24,930 --> 00:04:24,940 commonplace and weather watchers like 99 00:04:24,940 --> 00:04:26,940 commonplace and weather watchers like tie ropes found a permanent place in our 100 00:04:26,940 --> 00:04:26,950 tie ropes found a permanent place in our 101 00:04:26,950 --> 00:04:28,830 tie ropes found a permanent place in our daily lives by improving weather 102 00:04:28,830 --> 00:04:28,840 daily lives by improving weather 103 00:04:28,840 --> 00:04:40,610 daily lives by improving weather forecasting capabilities 104 00:04:40,610 --> 00:04:40,620 105 00:04:40,620 --> 00:04:45,270 on August 12 1960 President Eisenhower 106 00:04:45,270 --> 00:04:45,280 on August 12 1960 President Eisenhower 107 00:04:45,280 --> 00:04:47,219 on August 12 1960 President Eisenhower took part in the first transmission of 108 00:04:47,219 --> 00:04:47,229 took part in the first transmission of 109 00:04:47,229 --> 00:04:55,409 took part in the first transmission of the echo1 communication satellite it is 110 00:04:55,409 --> 00:04:55,419 the echo1 communication satellite it is 111 00:04:55,419 --> 00:04:59,040 the echo1 communication satellite it is a great satisfaction to participate in 112 00:04:59,040 --> 00:04:59,050 a great satisfaction to participate in 113 00:04:59,050 --> 00:05:01,969 a great satisfaction to participate in this Crist experiment in communications 114 00:05:01,969 --> 00:05:01,979 this Crist experiment in communications 115 00:05:01,979 --> 00:05:04,530 this Crist experiment in communications involving the use of the satellite 116 00:05:04,530 --> 00:05:04,540 involving the use of the satellite 117 00:05:04,540 --> 00:05:09,799 involving the use of the satellite balloon known as echo 118 00:05:09,799 --> 00:05:09,809 119 00:05:09,809 --> 00:05:14,539 on May 5th 1961 astronaut Alan B Shepard 120 00:05:14,539 --> 00:05:14,549 on May 5th 1961 astronaut Alan B Shepard 121 00:05:14,549 --> 00:05:52,050 on May 5th 1961 astronaut Alan B Shepard America's under way 122 00:05:52,050 --> 00:05:52,060 123 00:05:52,060 --> 00:05:54,580 soon after freedom seven landed 124 00:05:54,580 --> 00:05:54,590 soon after freedom seven landed 125 00:05:54,590 --> 00:05:56,980 soon after freedom seven landed President John Kennedy gave NASA an 126 00:05:56,980 --> 00:05:56,990 President John Kennedy gave NASA an 127 00:05:56,990 --> 00:06:04,840 President John Kennedy gave NASA an ambitious new space goal not because 128 00:06:04,840 --> 00:06:04,850 ambitious new space goal not because 129 00:06:04,850 --> 00:06:06,970 ambitious new space goal not because they are easy but because they are hard 130 00:06:06,970 --> 00:06:06,980 they are easy but because they are hard 131 00:06:06,980 --> 00:06:11,110 they are easy but because they are hard because that goal will serve to organize 132 00:06:11,110 --> 00:06:11,120 because that goal will serve to organize 133 00:06:11,120 --> 00:06:14,200 because that goal will serve to organize and measure to the best our energies and 134 00:06:14,200 --> 00:06:14,210 and measure to the best our energies and 135 00:06:14,210 --> 00:06:17,080 and measure to the best our energies and skills because that challenge is one 136 00:06:17,080 --> 00:06:17,090 skills because that challenge is one 137 00:06:17,090 --> 00:06:20,020 skills because that challenge is one that were willing to accept one we are 138 00:06:20,020 --> 00:06:20,030 that were willing to accept one we are 139 00:06:20,030 --> 00:06:23,350 that were willing to accept one we are unwilling to postpone and why we can't 140 00:06:23,350 --> 00:06:23,360 unwilling to postpone and why we can't 141 00:06:23,360 --> 00:06:32,140 unwilling to postpone and why we can't win 142 00:06:32,140 --> 00:06:32,150 143 00:06:32,150 --> 00:06:34,820 after Alan Shepard and Gus Grissom's 144 00:06:34,820 --> 00:06:34,830 after Alan Shepard and Gus Grissom's 145 00:06:34,830 --> 00:06:36,980 after Alan Shepard and Gus Grissom's test flights for other American 146 00:06:36,980 --> 00:06:36,990 test flights for other American 147 00:06:36,990 --> 00:06:39,080 test flights for other American astronauts orbiting in mercury 148 00:06:39,080 --> 00:06:39,090 astronauts orbiting in mercury 149 00:06:39,090 --> 00:06:42,110 astronauts orbiting in mercury spacecraft starting the John Glenn he 150 00:06:42,110 --> 00:06:42,120 spacecraft starting the John Glenn he 151 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:44,120 spacecraft starting the John Glenn he was followed by spec Buccaneer Wally 152 00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:44,130 was followed by spec Buccaneer Wally 153 00:06:44,130 --> 00:07:09,410 was followed by spec Buccaneer Wally schirra 154 00:07:09,410 --> 00:07:09,420 155 00:07:09,420 --> 00:07:12,660 all pre-start dialyzer corrector a light 156 00:07:12,660 --> 00:07:12,670 all pre-start dialyzer corrector a light 157 00:07:12,670 --> 00:07:43,850 all pre-start dialyzer corrector a light on eject the umbilical 158 00:07:43,850 --> 00:07:43,860 159 00:07:43,860 --> 00:08:02,010 it became clear that 160 00:08:02,010 --> 00:08:02,020 161 00:08:02,020 --> 00:08:04,450 unknowns about the moon were numerous 162 00:08:04,450 --> 00:08:04,460 unknowns about the moon were numerous 163 00:08:04,460 --> 00:08:06,640 unknowns about the moon were numerous such things as whether an astronaut 164 00:08:06,640 --> 00:08:06,650 such things as whether an astronaut 165 00:08:06,650 --> 00:08:08,920 such things as whether an astronaut would sink into dust over his head were 166 00:08:08,920 --> 00:08:08,930 would sink into dust over his head were 167 00:08:08,930 --> 00:08:16,090 would sink into dust over his head were a real concern lunar impact studies like 168 00:08:16,090 --> 00:08:16,100 a real concern lunar impact studies like 169 00:08:16,100 --> 00:08:17,800 a real concern lunar impact studies like these were carried out in an attempt to 170 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:17,810 these were carried out in an attempt to 171 00:08:17,810 --> 00:08:20,350 these were carried out in an attempt to learn researchers fired projectiles 172 00:08:20,350 --> 00:08:20,360 learn researchers fired projectiles 173 00:08:20,360 --> 00:08:22,900 learn researchers fired projectiles simulating meteors hitting the moon into 174 00:08:22,900 --> 00:08:22,910 simulating meteors hitting the moon into 175 00:08:22,910 --> 00:08:25,300 simulating meteors hitting the moon into sand like and rocky materials and then 176 00:08:25,300 --> 00:08:25,310 sand like and rocky materials and then 177 00:08:25,310 --> 00:08:27,100 sand like and rocky materials and then measured how much material was thrown 178 00:08:27,100 --> 00:08:27,110 measured how much material was thrown 179 00:08:27,110 --> 00:08:39,350 measured how much material was thrown out by the impact 180 00:08:39,350 --> 00:08:39,360 181 00:08:39,360 --> 00:08:42,420 this animation shows how scientists 182 00:08:42,420 --> 00:08:42,430 this animation shows how scientists 183 00:08:42,430 --> 00:08:45,120 this animation shows how scientists believe the huge crater Tycho was formed 184 00:08:45,120 --> 00:08:45,130 believe the huge crater Tycho was formed 185 00:08:45,130 --> 00:08:57,090 believe the huge crater Tycho was formed on the moon a crater 54 miles wide 186 00:08:57,090 --> 00:08:57,100 187 00:08:57,100 --> 00:08:58,840 a series of pictures 188 00:08:58,840 --> 00:08:58,850 a series of pictures 189 00:08:58,850 --> 00:09:09,449 a series of pictures in Rangers spacecraft 190 00:09:09,449 --> 00:09:09,459 191 00:09:09,459 --> 00:09:12,879 then five lunar orbiters photographed 192 00:09:12,879 --> 00:09:12,889 then five lunar orbiters photographed 193 00:09:12,889 --> 00:09:15,699 then five lunar orbiters photographed over 90% of the moon's surface including 194 00:09:15,699 --> 00:09:15,709 over 90% of the moon's surface including 195 00:09:15,709 --> 00:09:18,759 over 90% of the moon's surface including the never-before-seen backside we saw a 196 00:09:18,759 --> 00:09:18,769 the never-before-seen backside we saw a 197 00:09:18,769 --> 00:09:21,040 the never-before-seen backside we saw a glimpse to of our own planet from lunar 198 00:09:21,040 --> 00:09:21,050 glimpse to of our own planet from lunar 199 00:09:21,050 --> 00:09:23,740 glimpse to of our own planet from lunar distance but most important of all it 200 00:09:23,740 --> 00:09:23,750 distance but most important of all it 201 00:09:23,750 --> 00:09:25,869 distance but most important of all it made possible the selection of landing 202 00:09:25,869 --> 00:09:25,879 made possible the selection of landing 203 00:09:25,879 --> 00:09:37,049 made possible the selection of landing sites 204 00:09:37,049 --> 00:09:37,059 205 00:09:37,059 --> 00:09:40,090 six surveyor spacecraft made soft 206 00:09:40,090 --> 00:09:40,100 six surveyor spacecraft made soft 207 00:09:40,100 --> 00:09:42,160 six surveyor spacecraft made soft landings on the moon over a two-year 208 00:09:42,160 --> 00:09:42,170 landings on the moon over a two-year 209 00:09:42,170 --> 00:09:45,780 landings on the moon over a two-year period 210 00:09:45,780 --> 00:09:45,790 211 00:09:45,790 --> 00:09:49,680 a robot arm dug a trench lunar soil was 212 00:09:49,680 --> 00:09:49,690 a robot arm dug a trench lunar soil was 213 00:09:49,690 --> 00:09:52,440 a robot arm dug a trench lunar soil was like wet sand men and equipment could 214 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:52,450 like wet sand men and equipment could 215 00:09:52,450 --> 00:09:59,710 like wet sand men and equipment could safely land there 216 00:09:59,710 --> 00:09:59,720 217 00:09:59,720 --> 00:10:01,850 panoramic views like these were 218 00:10:01,850 --> 00:10:01,860 panoramic views like these were 219 00:10:01,860 --> 00:10:03,800 panoramic views like these were assembled from hundreds of individual 220 00:10:03,800 --> 00:10:03,810 assembled from hundreds of individual 221 00:10:03,810 --> 00:10:14,360 assembled from hundreds of individual photographs 222 00:10:14,360 --> 00:10:14,370 223 00:10:14,370 --> 00:10:16,829 Communications via satellite exploded 224 00:10:16,829 --> 00:10:16,839 Communications via satellite exploded 225 00:10:16,839 --> 00:10:19,199 Communications via satellite exploded into a whole new industry that first 226 00:10:19,199 --> 00:10:19,209 into a whole new industry that first 227 00:10:19,209 --> 00:10:21,329 into a whole new industry that first live intercontinental transmission by 228 00:10:21,329 --> 00:10:21,339 live intercontinental transmission by 229 00:10:21,339 --> 00:10:32,280 live intercontinental transmission by Telstar one was just the start relay 230 00:10:32,280 --> 00:10:32,290 Telstar one was just the start relay 231 00:10:32,290 --> 00:10:34,470 Telstar one was just the start relay designed to transmit television 232 00:10:34,470 --> 00:10:34,480 designed to transmit television 233 00:10:34,480 --> 00:10:36,530 designed to transmit television telephone and high-speed data 234 00:10:36,530 --> 00:10:36,540 telephone and high-speed data 235 00:10:36,540 --> 00:10:39,180 telephone and high-speed data simcom with Olympic coverage from Tokyo 236 00:10:39,180 --> 00:10:39,190 simcom with Olympic coverage from Tokyo 237 00:10:39,190 --> 00:10:41,280 simcom with Olympic coverage from Tokyo an early bird want who all were 238 00:10:41,280 --> 00:10:41,290 an early bird want who all were 239 00:10:41,290 --> 00:10:43,050 an early bird want who all were follow-ons to previous research and 240 00:10:43,050 --> 00:10:43,060 follow-ons to previous research and 241 00:10:43,060 --> 00:11:01,019 follow-ons to previous research and development since rendezvous docking and 242 00:11:01,019 --> 00:11:01,029 development since rendezvous docking and 243 00:11:01,029 --> 00:11:02,850 development since rendezvous docking and having astronauts work outside the 244 00:11:02,850 --> 00:11:02,860 having astronauts work outside the 245 00:11:02,860 --> 00:11:05,220 having astronauts work outside the spacecraft critical to lunar missions 246 00:11:05,220 --> 00:11:05,230 spacecraft critical to lunar missions 247 00:11:05,230 --> 00:11:08,819 spacecraft critical to lunar missions NASA began project Gemini using the 248 00:11:08,819 --> 00:11:08,829 NASA began project Gemini using the 249 00:11:08,829 --> 00:11:11,009 NASA began project Gemini using the mercury capsule as a model the Gemini 250 00:11:11,009 --> 00:11:11,019 mercury capsule as a model the Gemini 251 00:11:11,019 --> 00:11:13,199 mercury capsule as a model the Gemini spacecraft was enlarged to hold a 252 00:11:13,199 --> 00:11:13,209 spacecraft was enlarged to hold a 253 00:11:13,209 --> 00:11:16,079 spacecraft was enlarged to hold a two-man crew Gemini would provide design 254 00:11:16,079 --> 00:11:16,089 two-man crew Gemini would provide design 255 00:11:16,089 --> 00:11:21,530 two-man crew Gemini would provide design answers for the upcoming project Apollo 256 00:11:21,530 --> 00:11:21,540 257 00:11:21,540 --> 00:11:24,569 spectacular first walk in space made by 258 00:11:24,569 --> 00:11:24,579 spectacular first walk in space made by 259 00:11:24,579 --> 00:12:20,340 spectacular first walk in space made by astronaut ed white 260 00:12:20,340 --> 00:12:20,350 261 00:12:20,350 --> 00:12:23,410 ten times pairs of astronauts flew into 262 00:12:23,410 --> 00:12:23,420 ten times pairs of astronauts flew into 263 00:12:23,420 --> 00:12:26,410 ten times pairs of astronauts flew into orbit walking in space rendezvous in and 264 00:12:26,410 --> 00:12:26,420 orbit walking in space rendezvous in and 265 00:12:26,420 --> 00:12:28,960 orbit walking in space rendezvous in and ducky Gemini had blazed a trail for 266 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:28,970 ducky Gemini had blazed a trail for 267 00:12:28,970 --> 00:12:31,060 ducky Gemini had blazed a trail for project Apollo the three-man spacecraft 268 00:12:31,060 --> 00:12:31,070 project Apollo the three-man spacecraft 269 00:12:31,070 --> 00:12:52,660 project Apollo the three-man spacecraft that would carry astronauts to the moon 270 00:12:52,660 --> 00:12:52,670 271 00:12:52,670 --> 00:12:55,280 more than eight years were poured into 272 00:12:55,280 --> 00:12:55,290 more than eight years were poured into 273 00:12:55,290 --> 00:12:57,980 more than eight years were poured into designing building testing and preparing 274 00:12:57,980 --> 00:12:57,990 designing building testing and preparing 275 00:12:57,990 --> 00:13:00,889 designing building testing and preparing astronauts rockets and spacecraft for 276 00:13:00,889 --> 00:13:00,899 astronauts rockets and spacecraft for 277 00:13:00,899 --> 00:13:03,650 astronauts rockets and spacecraft for the first lunar landing here's a visual 278 00:13:03,650 --> 00:13:03,660 the first lunar landing here's a visual 279 00:13:03,660 --> 00:14:27,370 the first lunar landing here's a visual look back at some of that preparation 280 00:14:27,370 --> 00:14:27,380 281 00:14:27,380 --> 00:14:32,930 in 1967 tragedy struck the nation 282 00:14:32,930 --> 00:14:32,940 in 1967 tragedy struck the nation 283 00:14:32,940 --> 00:14:34,970 in 1967 tragedy struck the nation mourned the loss of the crew that would 284 00:14:34,970 --> 00:14:34,980 mourned the loss of the crew that would 285 00:14:34,980 --> 00:14:36,800 mourned the loss of the crew that would have flown the Apollo spacecraft on its 286 00:14:36,800 --> 00:14:36,810 have flown the Apollo spacecraft on its 287 00:14:36,810 --> 00:14:39,590 have flown the Apollo spacecraft on its maiden voyage astronauts Gus Grissom ed 288 00:14:39,590 --> 00:14:39,600 maiden voyage astronauts Gus Grissom ed 289 00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:41,990 maiden voyage astronauts Gus Grissom ed white and Roger Chaffee died in a flash 290 00:14:41,990 --> 00:14:42,000 white and Roger Chaffee died in a flash 291 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:44,180 white and Roger Chaffee died in a flash fire as they were conducting pre-flight 292 00:14:44,180 --> 00:14:44,190 fire as they were conducting pre-flight 293 00:14:44,190 --> 00:14:46,519 fire as they were conducting pre-flight tests on the launch pad the manned 294 00:14:46,519 --> 00:14:46,529 tests on the launch pad the manned 295 00:14:46,529 --> 00:14:48,800 tests on the launch pad the manned flight schedule was delayed 18 months as 296 00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:48,810 flight schedule was delayed 18 months as 297 00:14:48,810 --> 00:15:00,040 flight schedule was delayed 18 months as the command module underwent redesigned 298 00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:00,050 299 00:15:00,050 --> 00:15:02,870 while these changes were being made the 300 00:15:02,870 --> 00:15:02,880 while these changes were being made the 301 00:15:02,880 --> 00:15:05,060 while these changes were being made the parts and pieces needed to assemble the 302 00:15:05,060 --> 00:15:05,070 parts and pieces needed to assemble the 303 00:15:05,070 --> 00:15:07,760 parts and pieces needed to assemble the giant Saturn v moon rocket came together 304 00:15:07,760 --> 00:15:07,770 giant Saturn v moon rocket came together 305 00:15:07,770 --> 00:15:11,080 giant Saturn v moon rocket came together at the Kennedy Space Center Florida 306 00:15:11,080 --> 00:15:11,090 at the Kennedy Space Center Florida 307 00:15:11,090 --> 00:15:13,670 at the Kennedy Space Center Florida everything associated with the saturn v 308 00:15:13,670 --> 00:15:13,680 everything associated with the saturn v 309 00:15:13,680 --> 00:15:19,220 everything associated with the saturn v was huge the rocket itself the building 310 00:15:19,220 --> 00:15:19,230 was huge the rocket itself the building 311 00:15:19,230 --> 00:15:20,690 was huge the rocket itself the building where it was assembled and the 312 00:15:20,690 --> 00:15:20,700 where it was assembled and the 313 00:15:20,700 --> 00:15:21,740 where it was assembled and the crawler-transporter 314 00:15:21,740 --> 00:15:21,750 crawler-transporter 315 00:15:21,750 --> 00:15:26,300 crawler-transporter that carried it to the launch pad 316 00:15:26,300 --> 00:15:26,310 317 00:15:26,310 --> 00:15:30,540 the fully loaded Apollo Saturn 5 was 363 318 00:15:30,540 --> 00:15:30,550 the fully loaded Apollo Saturn 5 was 363 319 00:15:30,550 --> 00:15:33,210 the fully loaded Apollo Saturn 5 was 363 feet tall its main engines alone 320 00:15:33,210 --> 00:15:33,220 feet tall its main engines alone 321 00:15:33,220 --> 00:15:36,600 feet tall its main engines alone generated 160 million horsepower and his 322 00:15:36,600 --> 00:15:36,610 generated 160 million horsepower and his 323 00:15:36,610 --> 00:15:39,300 generated 160 million horsepower and his fuel fox pushed fuel to the engines with 324 00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:39,310 fuel fox pushed fuel to the engines with 325 00:15:39,310 --> 00:15:44,130 fuel fox pushed fuel to the engines with a force of 30 diesel locomotives as 326 00:15:44,130 --> 00:15:44,140 a force of 30 diesel locomotives as 327 00:15:44,140 --> 00:15:46,260 a force of 30 diesel locomotives as Saturn 5 lifted off launch complex 39 328 00:15:46,260 --> 00:15:46,270 Saturn 5 lifted off launch complex 39 329 00:15:46,270 --> 00:15:48,810 Saturn 5 lifted off launch complex 39 for the first time in way more than 330 00:15:48,810 --> 00:15:48,820 for the first time in way more than 331 00:15:48,820 --> 00:16:31,590 for the first time in way more than 2,800 tons 332 00:16:31,590 --> 00:16:31,600 333 00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:34,750 the pace quickened starting with Apollo 334 00:16:34,750 --> 00:16:34,760 the pace quickened starting with Apollo 335 00:16:34,760 --> 00:16:37,060 the pace quickened starting with Apollo 8 every Saturn 5 launched had a 336 00:16:37,060 --> 00:16:37,070 8 every Saturn 5 launched had a 337 00:16:37,070 --> 00:17:13,960 8 every Saturn 5 launched had a three-man crew 338 00:17:13,960 --> 00:17:13,970 339 00:17:13,970 --> 00:17:17,210 two days before Christmas in 1968 340 00:17:17,210 --> 00:17:17,220 two days before Christmas in 1968 341 00:17:17,220 --> 00:17:19,610 two days before Christmas in 1968 astronauts Borman Lovell and Anders 342 00:17:19,610 --> 00:17:19,620 astronauts Borman Lovell and Anders 343 00:17:19,620 --> 00:17:22,100 astronauts Borman Lovell and Anders became the first humans to pass out of 344 00:17:22,100 --> 00:17:22,110 became the first humans to pass out of 345 00:17:22,110 --> 00:17:24,590 became the first humans to pass out of Earth's gravitational control and into 346 00:17:24,590 --> 00:17:24,600 Earth's gravitational control and into 347 00:17:24,600 --> 00:17:26,269 Earth's gravitational control and into that of another body in the solar system 348 00:17:26,269 --> 00:17:26,279 that of another body in the solar system 349 00:17:26,279 --> 00:17:29,539 that of another body in the solar system the moon the hardware to travel to the 350 00:17:29,539 --> 00:17:29,549 the moon the hardware to travel to the 351 00:17:29,549 --> 00:17:31,580 the moon the hardware to travel to the moon had worked well and landing sites 352 00:17:31,580 --> 00:17:31,590 moon had worked well and landing sites 353 00:17:31,590 --> 00:17:34,700 moon had worked well and landing sites looked good 354 00:17:34,700 --> 00:17:34,710 355 00:17:34,710 --> 00:17:37,220 our earth seemed small and fragile 356 00:17:37,220 --> 00:17:37,230 our earth seemed small and fragile 357 00:17:37,230 --> 00:17:40,790 our earth seemed small and fragile hanging in the vastness of space this 358 00:17:40,790 --> 00:17:40,800 hanging in the vastness of space this 359 00:17:40,800 --> 00:17:43,010 hanging in the vastness of space this view of ourselves from lunar distance 360 00:17:43,010 --> 00:17:43,020 view of ourselves from lunar distance 361 00:17:43,020 --> 00:17:44,510 view of ourselves from lunar distance would change the way we think about 362 00:17:44,510 --> 00:17:44,520 would change the way we think about 363 00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:47,150 would change the way we think about earth for all time it raised profound 364 00:17:47,150 --> 00:17:47,160 earth for all time it raised profound 365 00:17:47,160 --> 00:17:49,400 earth for all time it raised profound questions especially those associated 366 00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:49,410 questions especially those associated 367 00:17:49,410 --> 00:17:51,140 questions especially those associated with the Earth's finiteness and 368 00:17:51,140 --> 00:17:51,150 with the Earth's finiteness and 369 00:17:51,150 --> 00:17:54,470 with the Earth's finiteness and unlimited resources the next two flights 370 00:17:54,470 --> 00:17:54,480 unlimited resources the next two flights 371 00:17:54,480 --> 00:17:57,230 unlimited resources the next two flights Apollo's nine and ten would continue 372 00:17:57,230 --> 00:17:57,240 Apollo's nine and ten would continue 373 00:17:57,240 --> 00:17:58,970 Apollo's nine and ten would continue dress rehearsals for the first lunar 374 00:17:58,970 --> 00:17:58,980 dress rehearsals for the first lunar 375 00:17:58,980 --> 00:18:11,000 dress rehearsals for the first lunar landing all systems were indeed ready 376 00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:11,010 377 00:18:11,010 --> 00:18:13,740 astronauts Neil Armstrong Edwin Aldrin 378 00:18:13,740 --> 00:18:13,750 astronauts Neil Armstrong Edwin Aldrin 379 00:18:13,750 --> 00:18:15,840 astronauts Neil Armstrong Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins would make the 380 00:18:15,840 --> 00:18:15,850 and Michael Collins would make the 381 00:18:15,850 --> 00:18:18,270 and Michael Collins would make the historic journey next stop 382 00:18:18,270 --> 00:18:18,280 historic journey next stop 383 00:18:18,280 --> 00:18:37,480 historic journey next stop tranquility base liftoff 384 00:18:37,480 --> 00:18:37,490 385 00:18:37,490 --> 00:18:40,100 Neil Armstrong reporting their role and 386 00:18:40,100 --> 00:18:40,110 Neil Armstrong reporting their role and 387 00:18:40,110 --> 00:18:41,930 Neil Armstrong reporting their role and pitch a program which puts Apollo 11 on 388 00:18:41,930 --> 00:18:41,940 pitch a program which puts Apollo 11 on 389 00:18:41,940 --> 00:18:46,300 pitch a program which puts Apollo 11 on a proper headings 390 00:18:46,300 --> 00:18:46,310 391 00:18:46,310 --> 00:19:00,610 I get out here eat over again eat you go 392 00:19:00,610 --> 00:19:00,620 I get out here eat over again eat you go 393 00:19:00,620 --> 00:19:01,480 I get out here eat over again eat you go you're looking great 394 00:19:01,480 --> 00:19:01,490 you're looking great 395 00:19:01,490 --> 00:19:05,080 you're looking great coming up nine minutes II we're now in 396 00:19:05,080 --> 00:19:05,090 coming up nine minutes II we're now in 397 00:19:05,090 --> 00:19:06,400 coming up nine minutes II we're now in the approach phase everything looking 398 00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:06,410 the approach phase everything looking 399 00:19:06,410 --> 00:19:07,560 the approach phase everything looking good 400 00:19:07,560 --> 00:19:07,570 good 401 00:19:07,570 --> 00:19:11,820 good altitude 4215 yourself for landing over 402 00:19:11,820 --> 00:19:11,830 altitude 4215 yourself for landing over 403 00:19:11,830 --> 00:19:15,840 altitude 4215 yourself for landing over 20 feet down two and a half cups of that 404 00:19:15,840 --> 00:19:15,850 20 feet down two and a half cups of that 405 00:19:15,850 --> 00:19:20,950 20 feet down two and a half cups of that city feet go to a down take down for 406 00:19:20,950 --> 00:19:20,960 city feet go to a down take down for 407 00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:23,770 city feet go to a down take down for forward or falling drip into the right 408 00:19:23,770 --> 00:19:23,780 forward or falling drip into the right 409 00:19:23,780 --> 00:19:35,130 forward or falling drip into the right level Hey starting back over team 410 00:19:35,130 --> 00:19:35,140 411 00:19:35,140 --> 00:19:39,240 not backbite and gaudy baby people and 412 00:19:39,240 --> 00:19:39,250 not backbite and gaudy baby people and 413 00:19:39,250 --> 00:19:45,630 not backbite and gaudy baby people and women at one all fifth man won by a 414 00:19:45,630 --> 00:19:45,640 women at one all fifth man won by a 415 00:19:45,640 --> 00:21:24,630 women at one all fifth man won by a bleep 416 00:21:24,630 --> 00:21:24,640 417 00:21:24,640 --> 00:21:26,730 across the country and around the world 418 00:21:26,730 --> 00:21:26,740 across the country and around the world 419 00:21:26,740 --> 00:22:04,359 across the country and around the world the Apollo 11 through 420 00:22:04,359 --> 00:22:04,369 421 00:22:04,369 --> 00:22:07,279 meanwhile more than 100 scientists from 422 00:22:07,279 --> 00:22:07,289 meanwhile more than 100 scientists from 423 00:22:07,289 --> 00:22:09,739 meanwhile more than 100 scientists from here and abroad began intensive studies 424 00:22:09,739 --> 00:22:09,749 here and abroad began intensive studies 425 00:22:09,749 --> 00:22:22,940 here and abroad began intensive studies of the lunar samples 426 00:22:22,940 --> 00:22:22,950 427 00:22:22,950 --> 00:22:25,530 before project Apollo ended six 428 00:22:25,530 --> 00:22:25,540 before project Apollo ended six 429 00:22:25,540 --> 00:22:27,450 before project Apollo ended six additional flights to the moon were made 430 00:22:27,450 --> 00:22:27,460 additional flights to the moon were made 431 00:22:27,460 --> 00:22:55,500 additional flights to the moon were made at all but one were highly successful 432 00:22:55,500 --> 00:22:55,510 433 00:22:55,510 --> 00:22:58,450 Skylab was the next man spaceflight 434 00:22:58,450 --> 00:22:58,460 Skylab was the next man spaceflight 435 00:22:58,460 --> 00:23:01,570 Skylab was the next man spaceflight launch first was a two-story orbital 436 00:23:01,570 --> 00:23:01,580 launch first was a two-story orbital 437 00:23:01,580 --> 00:23:08,910 launch first was a two-story orbital workshop 438 00:23:08,910 --> 00:23:08,920 439 00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:12,160 then the first of three three-man crews 440 00:23:12,160 --> 00:23:12,170 then the first of three three-man crews 441 00:23:12,170 --> 00:23:15,010 then the first of three three-man crews departed to me to join and begin living 442 00:23:15,010 --> 00:23:15,020 departed to me to join and begin living 443 00:23:15,020 --> 00:23:18,610 departed to me to join and begin living in the orbiting laboratory those crews 444 00:23:18,610 --> 00:23:18,620 in the orbiting laboratory those crews 445 00:23:18,620 --> 00:23:21,820 in the orbiting laboratory those crews would stay 28 59 and 84 days 446 00:23:21,820 --> 00:23:21,830 would stay 28 59 and 84 days 447 00:23:21,830 --> 00:23:24,070 would stay 28 59 and 84 days respectively one of the major objectives 448 00:23:24,070 --> 00:23:24,080 respectively one of the major objectives 449 00:23:24,080 --> 00:23:26,470 respectively one of the major objectives was to find out if astronauts could 450 00:23:26,470 --> 00:23:26,480 was to find out if astronauts could 451 00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:28,690 was to find out if astronauts could physically withstand extended stays in 452 00:23:28,690 --> 00:23:28,700 physically withstand extended stays in 453 00:23:28,700 --> 00:23:31,030 physically withstand extended stays in space and continue to do useful work 454 00:23:31,030 --> 00:23:31,040 space and continue to do useful work 455 00:23:31,040 --> 00:23:38,490 space and continue to do useful work there the answer was a resounding yes 456 00:23:38,490 --> 00:23:38,500 457 00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:43,780 experiments in astronomy earth resources 458 00:23:43,780 --> 00:23:43,790 experiments in astronomy earth resources 459 00:23:43,790 --> 00:23:51,630 experiments in astronomy earth resources observations materials processing and 460 00:23:51,630 --> 00:23:51,640 observations materials processing and 461 00:23:51,640 --> 00:23:54,820 observations materials processing and crystal growth all proved highly 462 00:23:54,820 --> 00:23:54,830 crystal growth all proved highly 463 00:23:54,830 --> 00:24:05,380 crystal growth all proved highly successful then ASTP apollo-soyuz test 464 00:24:05,380 --> 00:24:05,390 successful then ASTP apollo-soyuz test 465 00:24:05,390 --> 00:24:07,750 successful then ASTP apollo-soyuz test project a joint endeavor between the 466 00:24:07,750 --> 00:24:07,760 project a joint endeavor between the 467 00:24:07,760 --> 00:24:10,210 project a joint endeavor between the Soviet Union and the United States the 468 00:24:10,210 --> 00:24:10,220 Soviet Union and the United States the 469 00:24:10,220 --> 00:24:12,280 Soviet Union and the United States the mission called for a mutual docking and 470 00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:12,290 mission called for a mutual docking and 471 00:24:12,290 --> 00:24:14,440 mission called for a mutual docking and crew exchange to develop the necessary 472 00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:14,450 crew exchange to develop the necessary 473 00:24:14,450 --> 00:24:16,510 crew exchange to develop the necessary equipment for international space 474 00:24:16,510 --> 00:24:16,520 equipment for international space 475 00:24:16,520 --> 00:24:28,549 equipment for international space rescues 476 00:24:28,549 --> 00:24:28,559 477 00:24:28,559 --> 00:24:31,830 before during and after Apollo Skylab 478 00:24:31,830 --> 00:24:31,840 before during and after Apollo Skylab 479 00:24:31,840 --> 00:24:33,450 before during and after Apollo Skylab and ASTP 480 00:24:33,450 --> 00:24:33,460 and ASTP 481 00:24:33,460 --> 00:24:36,330 and ASTP NASA's unmanned planetary programs were 482 00:24:36,330 --> 00:24:36,340 NASA's unmanned planetary programs were 483 00:24:36,340 --> 00:24:38,669 NASA's unmanned planetary programs were giving scientists exciting new glimpses 484 00:24:38,669 --> 00:24:38,679 giving scientists exciting new glimpses 485 00:24:38,679 --> 00:24:40,470 giving scientists exciting new glimpses into the history of the solar system 486 00:24:40,470 --> 00:24:40,480 into the history of the solar system 487 00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:43,019 into the history of the solar system from early explorers to the infrared 488 00:24:43,019 --> 00:24:43,029 from early explorers to the infrared 489 00:24:43,029 --> 00:24:46,200 from early explorers to the infrared astronomy satellite 7 Mariner spacecraft 490 00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:46,210 astronomy satellite 7 Mariner spacecraft 491 00:24:46,210 --> 00:24:49,139 astronomy satellite 7 Mariner spacecraft flew by the planets Mars Venus and 492 00:24:49,139 --> 00:24:49,149 flew by the planets Mars Venus and 493 00:24:49,149 --> 00:24:51,600 flew by the planets Mars Venus and Mercury sending back a stream of 494 00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:51,610 Mercury sending back a stream of 495 00:24:51,610 --> 00:24:58,850 Mercury sending back a stream of pictures and data 496 00:24:58,850 --> 00:24:58,860 497 00:24:58,860 --> 00:25:01,669 ten pioneer spacecraft did like one us 498 00:25:01,669 --> 00:25:01,679 ten pioneer spacecraft did like one us 499 00:25:01,679 --> 00:25:04,460 ten pioneer spacecraft did like one us including Jupiter flybys and probes to 500 00:25:04,460 --> 00:25:04,470 including Jupiter flybys and probes to 501 00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:07,750 including Jupiter flybys and probes to the atmosphere of Venus 502 00:25:07,750 --> 00:25:07,760 the atmosphere of Venus 503 00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:17,300 the atmosphere of Venus you 504 00:25:17,300 --> 00:25:17,310 505 00:25:17,310 --> 00:25:20,100 Pioneer 10 became the first man-made 506 00:25:20,100 --> 00:25:20,110 Pioneer 10 became the first man-made 507 00:25:20,110 --> 00:25:31,480 Pioneer 10 became the first man-made object to leave the solar system 508 00:25:31,480 --> 00:25:31,490 509 00:25:31,490 --> 00:25:34,790 atmosphere physics astronomy meteorology 510 00:25:34,790 --> 00:25:34,800 atmosphere physics astronomy meteorology 511 00:25:34,800 --> 00:25:38,270 atmosphere physics astronomy meteorology and geodesy these are just a few of the 512 00:25:38,270 --> 00:25:38,280 and geodesy these are just a few of the 513 00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:40,730 and geodesy these are just a few of the scientific disciplines studied by dozens 514 00:25:40,730 --> 00:25:40,740 scientific disciplines studied by dozens 515 00:25:40,740 --> 00:25:43,100 scientific disciplines studied by dozens of Explorer class orbiters through the 516 00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:43,110 of Explorer class orbiters through the 517 00:25:43,110 --> 00:26:09,170 of Explorer class orbiters through the years 518 00:26:09,170 --> 00:26:09,180 519 00:26:09,180 --> 00:26:12,330 by Oh satellite was sent aloft to answer 520 00:26:12,330 --> 00:26:12,340 by Oh satellite was sent aloft to answer 521 00:26:12,340 --> 00:26:15,090 by Oh satellite was sent aloft to answer basic biological questions will cells 522 00:26:15,090 --> 00:26:15,100 basic biological questions will cells 523 00:26:15,100 --> 00:26:17,430 basic biological questions will cells divide normally while weightless 524 00:26:17,430 --> 00:26:17,440 divide normally while weightless 525 00:26:17,440 --> 00:26:20,330 divide normally while weightless how does zero-g affect plant growth 526 00:26:20,330 --> 00:26:20,340 how does zero-g affect plant growth 527 00:26:20,340 --> 00:26:23,160 how does zero-g affect plant growth would radiation and weightlessness be a 528 00:26:23,160 --> 00:26:23,170 would radiation and weightlessness be a 529 00:26:23,170 --> 00:26:25,880 would radiation and weightlessness be a hazard on long-duration spaceflights 530 00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:25,890 hazard on long-duration spaceflights 531 00:26:25,890 --> 00:26:28,500 hazard on long-duration spaceflights everything from plants to primates were 532 00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:28,510 everything from plants to primates were 533 00:26:28,510 --> 00:26:31,260 everything from plants to primates were orbited aboard by a satellite to find 534 00:26:31,260 --> 00:26:31,270 orbited aboard by a satellite to find 535 00:26:31,270 --> 00:26:38,550 orbited aboard by a satellite to find out there were the ogos orbiting 536 00:26:38,550 --> 00:26:38,560 out there were the ogos orbiting 537 00:26:38,560 --> 00:26:40,770 out there were the ogos orbiting geophysical observatories that blossomed 538 00:26:40,770 --> 00:26:40,780 geophysical observatories that blossomed 539 00:26:40,780 --> 00:26:43,260 geophysical observatories that blossomed out like giant dragonflies in space 540 00:26:43,260 --> 00:26:43,270 out like giant dragonflies in space 541 00:26:43,270 --> 00:26:48,840 out like giant dragonflies in space oh so orbiting solar observatories 542 00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:48,850 oh so orbiting solar observatories 543 00:26:48,850 --> 00:26:51,180 oh so orbiting solar observatories studied our Sun and its influence on 544 00:26:51,180 --> 00:26:51,190 studied our Sun and its influence on 545 00:26:51,190 --> 00:26:56,049 studied our Sun and its influence on earth 546 00:26:56,049 --> 00:26:56,059 547 00:26:56,059 --> 00:26:59,270 in the last 25 years our orbiting 548 00:26:59,270 --> 00:26:59,280 in the last 25 years our orbiting 549 00:26:59,280 --> 00:27:00,830 in the last 25 years our orbiting astronomical observatories have 550 00:27:00,830 --> 00:27:00,840 astronomical observatories have 551 00:27:00,840 --> 00:27:02,900 astronomical observatories have radically changed our view of the 552 00:27:02,900 --> 00:27:02,910 radically changed our view of the 553 00:27:02,910 --> 00:27:05,659 radically changed our view of the universe we now see a dynamic universe 554 00:27:05,659 --> 00:27:05,669 universe we now see a dynamic universe 555 00:27:05,669 --> 00:27:08,780 universe we now see a dynamic universe of quasars and black holes and other 556 00:27:08,780 --> 00:27:08,790 of quasars and black holes and other 557 00:27:08,790 --> 00:27:11,270 of quasars and black holes and other extraordinary objects of cataclysmic 558 00:27:11,270 --> 00:27:11,280 extraordinary objects of cataclysmic 559 00:27:11,280 --> 00:27:13,669 extraordinary objects of cataclysmic forces causing the birth and death of 560 00:27:13,669 --> 00:27:13,679 forces causing the birth and death of 561 00:27:13,679 --> 00:27:17,000 forces causing the birth and death of stars of billions of galaxies wheeling 562 00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:17,010 stars of billions of galaxies wheeling 563 00:27:17,010 --> 00:27:22,710 stars of billions of galaxies wheeling in the immensity of space 564 00:27:22,710 --> 00:27:22,720 565 00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:26,080 we looked back at planet Earth with 566 00:27:26,080 --> 00:27:26,090 we looked back at planet Earth with 567 00:27:26,090 --> 00:27:28,990 we looked back at planet Earth with landsat remote sensing satellites crops 568 00:27:28,990 --> 00:27:29,000 landsat remote sensing satellites crops 569 00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:31,840 landsat remote sensing satellites crops forests pollution all can be 570 00:27:31,840 --> 00:27:31,850 forests pollution all can be 571 00:27:31,850 --> 00:27:34,030 forests pollution all can be photographed in great detail to help us 572 00:27:34,030 --> 00:27:34,040 photographed in great detail to help us 573 00:27:34,040 --> 00:27:45,570 photographed in great detail to help us better manage our earth's resources 574 00:27:45,570 --> 00:27:45,580 575 00:27:45,580 --> 00:27:48,430 the Viking program was a systematic 576 00:27:48,430 --> 00:27:48,440 the Viking program was a systematic 577 00:27:48,440 --> 00:27:51,400 the Viking program was a systematic effort to investigate the planet Mars to 578 00:27:51,400 --> 00:27:51,410 effort to investigate the planet Mars to 579 00:27:51,410 --> 00:27:53,140 effort to investigate the planet Mars to separately launched Viking spacecraft 580 00:27:53,140 --> 00:27:53,150 separately launched Viking spacecraft 581 00:27:53,150 --> 00:27:55,540 separately launched Viking spacecraft made up of a pair of orbiters that would 582 00:27:55,540 --> 00:27:55,550 made up of a pair of orbiters that would 583 00:27:55,550 --> 00:27:57,370 made up of a pair of orbiters that would photograph from above the planet and 584 00:27:57,370 --> 00:27:57,380 photograph from above the planet and 585 00:27:57,380 --> 00:27:59,830 photograph from above the planet and twin Landers built to descend to the 586 00:27:59,830 --> 00:27:59,840 twin Landers built to descend to the 587 00:27:59,840 --> 00:28:03,190 twin Landers built to descend to the Martian surface spent 11 months and 420 588 00:28:03,190 --> 00:28:03,200 Martian surface spent 11 months and 420 589 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:05,200 Martian surface spent 11 months and 420 million miles traveling to the 590 00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:05,210 million miles traveling to the 591 00:28:05,210 --> 00:28:09,100 million miles traveling to the mysterious red planet the Landers robot 592 00:28:09,100 --> 00:28:09,110 mysterious red planet the Landers robot 593 00:28:09,110 --> 00:28:11,500 mysterious red planet the Landers robot arm conducted chemical and biological 594 00:28:11,500 --> 00:28:11,510 arm conducted chemical and biological 595 00:28:11,510 --> 00:28:13,360 arm conducted chemical and biological tests on the soil in a search for 596 00:28:13,360 --> 00:28:13,370 tests on the soil in a search for 597 00:28:13,370 --> 00:28:16,390 tests on the soil in a search for life-forms Martian weather and seismic 598 00:28:16,390 --> 00:28:16,400 life-forms Martian weather and seismic 599 00:28:16,400 --> 00:28:20,070 life-forms Martian weather and seismic reports were also sent back routinely 600 00:28:20,070 --> 00:28:20,080 reports were also sent back routinely 601 00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:22,650 reports were also sent back routinely cameras began returning pictures 602 00:28:22,650 --> 00:28:22,660 cameras began returning pictures 603 00:28:22,660 --> 00:28:29,500 cameras began returning pictures thousands of pictures 604 00:28:29,500 --> 00:28:29,510 605 00:28:29,510 --> 00:28:32,090 color photographs showed a surface 606 00:28:32,090 --> 00:28:32,100 color photographs showed a surface 607 00:28:32,100 --> 00:28:35,240 color photographs showed a surface littered with rocks a fine dust red or 608 00:28:35,240 --> 00:28:35,250 littered with rocks a fine dust red or 609 00:28:35,250 --> 00:28:40,070 littered with rocks a fine dust red or yellow brown could be seen everywhere we 610 00:28:40,070 --> 00:28:40,080 yellow brown could be seen everywhere we 611 00:28:40,080 --> 00:28:42,200 yellow brown could be seen everywhere we even had a chance to view the two moons 612 00:28:42,200 --> 00:28:42,210 even had a chance to view the two moons 613 00:28:42,210 --> 00:28:48,590 even had a chance to view the two moons of Mars Phobos and Deimos Vikings 614 00:28:48,590 --> 00:28:48,600 of Mars Phobos and Deimos Vikings 615 00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:50,630 of Mars Phobos and Deimos Vikings complex Science and Technology were 616 00:28:50,630 --> 00:28:50,640 complex Science and Technology were 617 00:28:50,640 --> 00:28:52,880 complex Science and Technology were considered to be a triumph equal to the 618 00:28:52,880 --> 00:28:52,890 considered to be a triumph equal to the 619 00:28:52,890 --> 00:29:00,230 considered to be a triumph equal to the landings on the moon two unmanned 620 00:29:00,230 --> 00:29:00,240 landings on the moon two unmanned 621 00:29:00,240 --> 00:29:02,840 landings on the moon two unmanned Voyager spacecraft carried a record with 622 00:29:02,840 --> 00:29:02,850 Voyager spacecraft carried a record with 623 00:29:02,850 --> 00:29:05,330 Voyager spacecraft carried a record with the sights and sounds of Earth just in 624 00:29:05,330 --> 00:29:05,340 the sights and sounds of Earth just in 625 00:29:05,340 --> 00:29:07,250 the sights and sounds of Earth just in case they encounter a cosmic neighbor 626 00:29:07,250 --> 00:29:07,260 case they encounter a cosmic neighbor 627 00:29:07,260 --> 00:29:11,570 case they encounter a cosmic neighbor along the way their head of planetary 628 00:29:11,570 --> 00:29:11,580 along the way their head of planetary 629 00:29:11,580 --> 00:29:13,430 along the way their head of planetary journey was designed to take them past 630 00:29:13,430 --> 00:29:13,440 journey was designed to take them past 631 00:29:13,440 --> 00:29:16,100 journey was designed to take them past Jupiter and Saturn and eventually one 632 00:29:16,100 --> 00:29:16,110 Jupiter and Saturn and eventually one 633 00:29:16,110 --> 00:29:18,290 Jupiter and Saturn and eventually one Voyager was to pass close to Uranus and 634 00:29:18,290 --> 00:29:18,300 Voyager was to pass close to Uranus and 635 00:29:18,300 --> 00:29:21,350 Voyager was to pass close to Uranus and Neptune voyager sensors recorded 636 00:29:21,350 --> 00:29:21,360 Neptune voyager sensors recorded 637 00:29:21,360 --> 00:29:23,390 Neptune voyager sensors recorded Jupiter's intricate weather patterns and 638 00:29:23,390 --> 00:29:23,400 Jupiter's intricate weather patterns and 639 00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:25,760 Jupiter's intricate weather patterns and detected massive lightning bolts in its 640 00:29:25,760 --> 00:29:25,770 detected massive lightning bolts in its 641 00:29:25,770 --> 00:29:28,430 detected massive lightning bolts in its churning cloud tops it took 40 minutes 642 00:29:28,430 --> 00:29:28,440 churning cloud tops it took 40 minutes 643 00:29:28,440 --> 00:29:30,380 churning cloud tops it took 40 minutes for a signal from Voyager passing 644 00:29:30,380 --> 00:29:30,390 for a signal from Voyager passing 645 00:29:30,390 --> 00:29:32,390 for a signal from Voyager passing Jupiter to be received by mission 646 00:29:32,390 --> 00:29:32,400 Jupiter to be received by mission 647 00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:33,500 Jupiter to be received by mission controllers at the Jet Propulsion 648 00:29:33,500 --> 00:29:33,510 controllers at the Jet Propulsion 649 00:29:33,510 --> 00:29:36,380 controllers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory so the spacecraft had to be 650 00:29:36,380 --> 00:29:36,390 Laboratory so the spacecraft had to be 651 00:29:36,390 --> 00:29:40,880 Laboratory so the spacecraft had to be essentially automatic Voyager also took 652 00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:40,890 essentially automatic Voyager also took 653 00:29:40,890 --> 00:29:45,010 essentially automatic Voyager also took a good look at Jupiter's largest moons 654 00:29:45,010 --> 00:29:45,020 a good look at Jupiter's largest moons 655 00:29:45,020 --> 00:29:51,870 a good look at Jupiter's largest moons there's Isle with its active volcanoes 656 00:29:51,870 --> 00:29:51,880 657 00:29:51,880 --> 00:29:56,890 Europa Ganymede the largest moon appears 658 00:29:56,890 --> 00:29:56,900 Europa Ganymede the largest moon appears 659 00:29:56,900 --> 00:30:00,480 Europa Ganymede the largest moon appears to be a mixture of rock and ice and 660 00:30:00,480 --> 00:30:00,490 to be a mixture of rock and ice and 661 00:30:00,490 --> 00:30:16,370 to be a mixture of rock and ice and Callisto probably the oldest of the four 662 00:30:16,370 --> 00:30:16,380 663 00:30:16,380 --> 00:30:19,260 the voyagers next assignment was to fly 664 00:30:19,260 --> 00:30:19,270 the voyagers next assignment was to fly 665 00:30:19,270 --> 00:30:27,019 the voyagers next assignment was to fly by Saturn and its moons 666 00:30:27,019 --> 00:30:27,029 667 00:30:27,029 --> 00:30:29,700 Saturn's vast ring system is made up of 668 00:30:29,700 --> 00:30:29,710 Saturn's vast ring system is made up of 669 00:30:29,710 --> 00:30:31,980 Saturn's vast ring system is made up of many small particles that orbit the huge 670 00:30:31,980 --> 00:30:31,990 many small particles that orbit the huge 671 00:30:31,990 --> 00:30:34,620 many small particles that orbit the huge planet in wave-like patterns its 672 00:30:34,620 --> 00:30:34,630 planet in wave-like patterns its 673 00:30:34,630 --> 00:30:36,720 planet in wave-like patterns its atmosphere is buffeted by a strong jet 674 00:30:36,720 --> 00:30:36,730 atmosphere is buffeted by a strong jet 675 00:30:36,730 --> 00:30:39,269 atmosphere is buffeted by a strong jet stream that blows eastward at 1,200 676 00:30:39,269 --> 00:30:39,279 stream that blows eastward at 1,200 677 00:30:39,279 --> 00:30:41,730 stream that blows eastward at 1,200 miles per hour Voyager detected the 678 00:30:41,730 --> 00:30:41,740 miles per hour Voyager detected the 679 00:30:41,740 --> 00:30:44,039 miles per hour Voyager detected the hottest gases ever observed in the solar 680 00:30:44,039 --> 00:30:44,049 hottest gases ever observed in the solar 681 00:30:44,049 --> 00:30:46,340 hottest gases ever observed in the solar system up to a billion degrees 682 00:30:46,340 --> 00:30:46,350 system up to a billion degrees 683 00:30:46,350 --> 00:30:57,030 system up to a billion degrees Fahrenheit 684 00:30:57,030 --> 00:30:57,040 685 00:30:57,040 --> 00:31:05,910 you 686 00:31:05,910 --> 00:31:05,920 687 00:31:05,920 --> 00:31:08,730 as of now two-thirds of the planets in 688 00:31:08,730 --> 00:31:08,740 as of now two-thirds of the planets in 689 00:31:08,740 --> 00:31:10,650 as of now two-thirds of the planets in our solar system have been explored and 690 00:31:10,650 --> 00:31:10,660 our solar system have been explored and 691 00:31:10,660 --> 00:31:13,170 our solar system have been explored and by the end of this decade we will have 692 00:31:13,170 --> 00:31:13,180 by the end of this decade we will have 693 00:31:13,180 --> 00:31:15,030 by the end of this decade we will have explored most of the rest including 694 00:31:15,030 --> 00:31:15,040 explored most of the rest including 695 00:31:15,040 --> 00:31:23,490 explored most of the rest including Uranus and Neptune through the years the 696 00:31:23,490 --> 00:31:23,500 Uranus and Neptune through the years the 697 00:31:23,500 --> 00:31:26,490 Uranus and Neptune through the years the single most constant in NASA has been is 698 00:31:26,490 --> 00:31:26,500 single most constant in NASA has been is 699 00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:29,670 single most constant in NASA has been is now and continues to be its aeronautical 700 00:31:29,670 --> 00:31:29,680 now and continues to be its aeronautical 701 00:31:29,680 --> 00:31:32,310 now and continues to be its aeronautical research it is a common thread that is 702 00:31:32,310 --> 00:31:32,320 research it is a common thread that is 703 00:31:32,320 --> 00:31:34,290 research it is a common thread that is woven throughout the agency it has 704 00:31:34,290 --> 00:31:34,300 woven throughout the agency it has 705 00:31:34,300 --> 00:31:36,420 woven throughout the agency it has influenced everything that flies both on 706 00:31:36,420 --> 00:31:36,430 influenced everything that flies both on 707 00:31:36,430 --> 00:31:38,910 influenced everything that flies both on earth and in space there is little doubt 708 00:31:38,910 --> 00:31:38,920 earth and in space there is little doubt 709 00:31:38,920 --> 00:31:40,410 earth and in space there is little doubt why this country has been the world 710 00:31:40,410 --> 00:31:40,420 why this country has been the world 711 00:31:40,420 --> 00:31:47,970 why this country has been the world leader in things aeronautical here are 712 00:31:47,970 --> 00:31:47,980 leader in things aeronautical here are 713 00:31:47,980 --> 00:31:50,220 leader in things aeronautical here are some of the goals of the program make 714 00:31:50,220 --> 00:31:50,230 some of the goals of the program make 715 00:31:50,230 --> 00:31:57,680 some of the goals of the program make aircraft more energy efficient 716 00:31:57,680 --> 00:31:57,690 717 00:31:57,690 --> 00:31:59,670 systematic improvement of engine 718 00:31:59,670 --> 00:31:59,680 systematic improvement of engine 719 00:31:59,680 --> 00:32:02,340 systematic improvement of engine components reduce weight through use of 720 00:32:02,340 --> 00:32:02,350 components reduce weight through use of 721 00:32:02,350 --> 00:32:04,200 components reduce weight through use of light but very strong composite 722 00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:04,210 light but very strong composite 723 00:32:04,210 --> 00:32:06,600 light but very strong composite materials 724 00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:06,610 materials 725 00:32:06,610 --> 00:32:09,160 materials study problems associated with wake 726 00:32:09,160 --> 00:32:09,170 study problems associated with wake 727 00:32:09,170 --> 00:32:11,650 study problems associated with wake vortices tornado-like patterns of air 728 00:32:11,650 --> 00:32:11,660 vortices tornado-like patterns of air 729 00:32:11,660 --> 00:32:13,570 vortices tornado-like patterns of air that trail off behind jet aircraft 730 00:32:13,570 --> 00:32:13,580 that trail off behind jet aircraft 731 00:32:13,580 --> 00:32:15,670 that trail off behind jet aircraft causing problems for smaller planes 732 00:32:15,670 --> 00:32:15,680 causing problems for smaller planes 733 00:32:15,680 --> 00:32:17,850 causing problems for smaller planes following closely in their wake 734 00:32:17,850 --> 00:32:17,860 following closely in their wake 735 00:32:17,860 --> 00:32:19,870 following closely in their wake airplanes are America's leading 736 00:32:19,870 --> 00:32:19,880 airplanes are America's leading 737 00:32:19,880 --> 00:32:22,300 airplanes are America's leading industrial export thanks to NASA's 738 00:32:22,300 --> 00:32:22,310 industrial export thanks to NASA's 739 00:32:22,310 --> 00:32:30,640 industrial export thanks to NASA's research and development programs since 740 00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:30,650 research and development programs since 741 00:32:30,650 --> 00:32:32,680 research and development programs since there are some 200,000 general aviation 742 00:32:32,680 --> 00:32:32,690 there are some 200,000 general aviation 743 00:32:32,690 --> 00:32:35,110 there are some 200,000 general aviation aircraft in this country national 744 00:32:35,110 --> 00:32:35,120 aircraft in this country national 745 00:32:35,120 --> 00:32:37,360 aircraft in this country national research is also improving this class of 746 00:32:37,360 --> 00:32:37,370 research is also improving this class of 747 00:32:37,370 --> 00:33:20,250 research is also improving this class of airplanes 748 00:33:20,250 --> 00:33:20,260 749 00:33:20,260 --> 00:33:22,840 the heart of the research is a unique 750 00:33:22,840 --> 00:33:22,850 the heart of the research is a unique 751 00:33:22,850 --> 00:33:25,240 the heart of the research is a unique refrigerated test panel capable of 752 00:33:25,240 --> 00:33:25,250 refrigerated test panel capable of 753 00:33:25,250 --> 00:33:26,950 refrigerated test panel capable of simulating the icing conditions an 754 00:33:26,950 --> 00:33:26,960 simulating the icing conditions an 755 00:33:26,960 --> 00:33:29,620 simulating the icing conditions an aircraft is likely to encounter want to 756 00:33:29,620 --> 00:33:29,630 aircraft is likely to encounter want to 757 00:33:29,630 --> 00:33:31,450 aircraft is likely to encounter want to test has been run newly developed 758 00:33:31,450 --> 00:33:31,460 test has been run newly developed 759 00:33:31,460 --> 00:33:33,820 test has been run newly developed computer codes are used to evaluate the 760 00:33:33,820 --> 00:33:33,830 computer codes are used to evaluate the 761 00:33:33,830 --> 00:33:43,450 computer codes are used to evaluate the results 762 00:33:43,450 --> 00:33:43,460 763 00:33:43,460 --> 00:33:45,590 during the early days of manned 764 00:33:45,590 --> 00:33:45,600 during the early days of manned 765 00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:47,780 during the early days of manned spaceflight consideration was given to 766 00:33:47,780 --> 00:33:47,790 spaceflight consideration was given to 767 00:33:47,790 --> 00:33:50,390 spaceflight consideration was given to using a Parowan to return astronauts and 768 00:33:50,390 --> 00:33:50,400 using a Parowan to return astronauts and 769 00:33:50,400 --> 00:33:52,670 using a Parowan to return astronauts and spacecraft to earth while this method 770 00:33:52,670 --> 00:33:52,680 spacecraft to earth while this method 771 00:33:52,680 --> 00:33:54,890 spacecraft to earth while this method was ultimately discarded it did produce 772 00:33:54,890 --> 00:33:54,900 was ultimately discarded it did produce 773 00:33:54,900 --> 00:35:27,130 was ultimately discarded it did produce a rather interesting new sport 774 00:35:27,130 --> 00:35:27,140 775 00:35:27,140 --> 00:35:30,920 and oblique wing crafts that reduce air 776 00:35:30,920 --> 00:35:30,930 and oblique wing crafts that reduce air 777 00:35:30,930 --> 00:35:32,720 and oblique wing crafts that reduce air drag by pivoting the wing at various 778 00:35:32,720 --> 00:35:32,730 drag by pivoting the wing at various 779 00:35:32,730 --> 00:35:54,440 drag by pivoting the wing at various angles to the plane's fuselage the 780 00:35:54,440 --> 00:35:54,450 angles to the plane's fuselage the 781 00:35:54,450 --> 00:35:56,450 angles to the plane's fuselage the expertise used to make airplane 782 00:35:56,450 --> 00:35:56,460 expertise used to make airplane 783 00:35:56,460 --> 00:36:01,220 expertise used to make airplane propellers better has also been applied 784 00:36:01,220 --> 00:36:01,230 propellers better has also been applied 785 00:36:01,230 --> 00:36:03,710 propellers better has also been applied to powerful wind turbine electric 786 00:36:03,710 --> 00:36:03,720 to powerful wind turbine electric 787 00:36:03,720 --> 00:36:06,800 to powerful wind turbine electric generators including some of the largest 788 00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:06,810 generators including some of the largest 789 00:36:06,810 --> 00:36:27,349 generators including some of the largest in the world 790 00:36:27,349 --> 00:36:27,359 791 00:36:27,359 --> 00:36:30,030 NASA's aeronautical research was the 792 00:36:30,030 --> 00:36:30,040 NASA's aeronautical research was the 793 00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:31,920 NASA's aeronautical research was the seed from which the space program would 794 00:36:31,920 --> 00:36:31,930 seed from which the space program would 795 00:36:31,930 --> 00:36:34,440 seed from which the space program would grow a prime example of this was the 796 00:36:34,440 --> 00:36:34,450 grow a prime example of this was the 797 00:36:34,450 --> 00:36:36,390 grow a prime example of this was the lifting body project that began in the 798 00:36:36,390 --> 00:36:36,400 lifting body project that began in the 799 00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:39,359 lifting body project that began in the early 60s the combination of Windtunnel 800 00:36:39,359 --> 00:36:39,369 early 60s the combination of Windtunnel 801 00:36:39,369 --> 00:36:41,849 early 60s the combination of Windtunnel tests and actual flights led to the 802 00:36:41,849 --> 00:36:41,859 tests and actual flights led to the 803 00:36:41,859 --> 00:37:19,180 tests and actual flights led to the design of the reusable space shuttle 804 00:37:19,180 --> 00:37:19,190 805 00:37:19,190 --> 00:37:22,069 when the design and Windtunnel work was 806 00:37:22,069 --> 00:37:22,079 when the design and Windtunnel work was 807 00:37:22,079 --> 00:37:24,049 when the design and Windtunnel work was completed a series of approach and 808 00:37:24,049 --> 00:37:24,059 completed a series of approach and 809 00:37:24,059 --> 00:37:27,109 completed a series of approach and landing tests were scheduled since the 810 00:37:27,109 --> 00:37:27,119 landing tests were scheduled since the 811 00:37:27,119 --> 00:37:29,240 landing tests were scheduled since the orbiter has no power for landing its 812 00:37:29,240 --> 00:37:29,250 orbiter has no power for landing its 813 00:37:29,250 --> 00:37:31,279 orbiter has no power for landing its ability to land easily without a wrong 814 00:37:31,279 --> 00:37:31,289 ability to land easily without a wrong 815 00:37:31,289 --> 00:37:52,040 ability to land easily without a wrong try was pretty 816 00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:52,050 817 00:37:52,050 --> 00:37:54,690 the enterprise's near private audience 818 00:37:54,690 --> 00:37:54,700 the enterprise's near private audience 819 00:37:54,700 --> 00:37:56,190 the enterprise's near private audience gave finally proof that the shuttle 820 00:37:56,190 --> 00:37:56,200 gave finally proof that the shuttle 821 00:37:56,200 --> 00:38:04,230 gave finally proof that the shuttle orbiters have viable landable craft 822 00:38:04,230 --> 00:38:04,240 823 00:38:04,240 --> 00:38:06,340 the years of research and development 824 00:38:06,340 --> 00:38:06,350 the years of research and development 825 00:38:06,350 --> 00:38:08,680 the years of research and development would now be put to the ultimate test 826 00:38:08,680 --> 00:38:08,690 would now be put to the ultimate test 827 00:38:08,690 --> 00:38:11,170 would now be put to the ultimate test the first flight into space of shuttle 828 00:38:11,170 --> 00:38:11,180 the first flight into space of shuttle 829 00:38:11,180 --> 00:38:13,920 the first flight into space of shuttle Columbia with astronauts at the controls 830 00:38:13,920 --> 00:38:13,930 Columbia with astronauts at the controls 831 00:38:13,930 --> 00:38:16,210 Columbia with astronauts at the controls there was an air of excitement as the 832 00:38:16,210 --> 00:38:16,220 there was an air of excitement as the 833 00:38:16,220 --> 00:38:17,830 there was an air of excitement as the brand new shuttle moved from its 834 00:38:17,830 --> 00:38:17,840 brand new shuttle moved from its 835 00:38:17,840 --> 00:38:19,600 brand new shuttle moved from its processing facility at the Kennedy Space 836 00:38:19,600 --> 00:38:19,610 processing facility at the Kennedy Space 837 00:38:19,610 --> 00:38:21,430 processing facility at the Kennedy Space Center to the Vehicle Assembly Building 838 00:38:21,430 --> 00:38:21,440 Center to the Vehicle Assembly Building 839 00:38:21,440 --> 00:38:23,530 Center to the Vehicle Assembly Building where it would be mated with rockets and 840 00:38:23,530 --> 00:38:23,540 where it would be mated with rockets and 841 00:38:23,540 --> 00:38:25,300 where it would be mated with rockets and fuel time and rolled out to the launch 842 00:38:25,300 --> 00:38:25,310 fuel time and rolled out to the launch 843 00:38:25,310 --> 00:38:26,830 fuel time and rolled out to the launch pad 844 00:38:26,830 --> 00:38:26,840 pad 845 00:38:26,840 --> 00:38:28,960 pad never before had a new spacecraft been 846 00:38:28,960 --> 00:38:28,970 never before had a new spacecraft been 847 00:38:28,970 --> 00:38:31,570 never before had a new spacecraft been flown this way previous Mercury Gemini 848 00:38:31,570 --> 00:38:31,580 flown this way previous Mercury Gemini 849 00:38:31,580 --> 00:38:34,870 flown this way previous Mercury Gemini and Apollo's were man rated in advance 850 00:38:34,870 --> 00:38:34,880 and Apollo's were man rated in advance 851 00:38:34,880 --> 00:38:37,000 and Apollo's were man rated in advance meaning that unmanned flights were flown 852 00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:37,010 meaning that unmanned flights were flown 853 00:38:37,010 --> 00:38:38,770 meaning that unmanned flights were flown before putting an astronaut crew on 854 00:38:38,770 --> 00:38:38,780 before putting an astronaut crew on 855 00:38:38,780 --> 00:38:39,340 before putting an astronaut crew on board 856 00:38:39,340 --> 00:38:39,350 board 857 00:38:39,350 --> 00:38:41,650 board despite nagging problems with engines 858 00:38:41,650 --> 00:38:41,660 despite nagging problems with engines 859 00:38:41,660 --> 00:38:44,020 despite nagging problems with engines and protective titles there was a quiet 860 00:38:44,020 --> 00:38:44,030 and protective titles there was a quiet 861 00:38:44,030 --> 00:38:48,730 and protective titles there was a quiet optimist long time space workers knew 862 00:38:48,730 --> 00:38:48,740 optimist long time space workers knew 863 00:38:48,740 --> 00:38:50,380 optimist long time space workers knew from past experience with a lunar 864 00:38:50,380 --> 00:38:50,390 from past experience with a lunar 865 00:38:50,390 --> 00:38:52,180 from past experience with a lunar landing program that design and 866 00:38:52,180 --> 00:38:52,190 landing program that design and 867 00:38:52,190 --> 00:39:08,559 landing program that design and engineering problems do get worked out 868 00:39:08,559 --> 00:39:08,569 869 00:39:08,569 --> 00:39:12,130 thirty seconds if it goes into the 870 00:39:12,130 --> 00:39:12,140 thirty seconds if it goes into the 871 00:39:12,140 --> 00:39:30,089 thirty seconds if it goes into the interior and the astronauts are eight 872 00:39:30,089 --> 00:39:30,099 873 00:39:30,099 --> 00:40:29,960 seven six five 874 00:40:29,960 --> 00:40:29,970 875 00:40:29,970 --> 00:40:32,790 Roger Columbia you got the normal cap 876 00:40:32,790 --> 00:40:32,800 Roger Columbia you got the normal cap 877 00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:39,660 Roger Columbia you got the normal cap cops back now oh if that thought about 878 00:40:39,660 --> 00:40:39,670 cops back now oh if that thought about 879 00:40:39,670 --> 00:42:17,820 cops back now oh if that thought about it do it we're gonna have to come down 880 00:42:17,820 --> 00:42:17,830 881 00:42:17,830 --> 00:42:46,260 into space okay standby 882 00:42:46,260 --> 00:42:46,270 into space okay standby 883 00:42:46,270 --> 00:42:49,000 into space okay standby okay we see pan a on and we'd like you 884 00:42:49,000 --> 00:42:49,010 okay we see pan a on and we'd like you 885 00:42:49,010 --> 00:42:57,680 okay we see pan a on and we'd like you to take 886 00:42:57,680 --> 00:42:57,690 887 00:42:57,690 --> 00:43:00,839 the second time the circle was completed 888 00:43:00,839 --> 00:43:00,849 the second time the circle was completed 889 00:43:00,849 --> 00:43:23,520 the second time the circle was completed a new generation of space travel 890 00:43:23,520 --> 00:43:23,530 891 00:43:23,530 --> 00:43:26,440 when space shuttle 3 left the launch pad 892 00:43:26,440 --> 00:43:26,450 when space shuttle 3 left the launch pad 893 00:43:26,450 --> 00:43:28,870 when space shuttle 3 left the launch pad it carried an experiment prepared by 18 894 00:43:28,870 --> 00:43:28,880 it carried an experiment prepared by 18 895 00:43:28,880 --> 00:43:31,060 it carried an experiment prepared by 18 year-old Todd Nelson of Rose Creek 896 00:43:31,060 --> 00:43:31,070 year-old Todd Nelson of Rose Creek 897 00:43:31,070 --> 00:43:33,490 year-old Todd Nelson of Rose Creek Minnesota an experiment to study the 898 00:43:33,490 --> 00:43:33,500 Minnesota an experiment to study the 899 00:43:33,500 --> 00:43:35,590 Minnesota an experiment to study the effects of weightlessness on insects in 900 00:43:35,590 --> 00:43:35,600 effects of weightlessness on insects in 901 00:43:35,600 --> 00:43:37,870 effects of weightlessness on insects in space it's called the shuttle Student 902 00:43:37,870 --> 00:43:37,880 space it's called the shuttle Student 903 00:43:37,880 --> 00:43:39,910 space it's called the shuttle Student Involvement project and includes NASA 904 00:43:39,910 --> 00:43:39,920 Involvement project and includes NASA 905 00:43:39,920 --> 00:43:41,200 Involvement project and includes NASA the National Science Teachers 906 00:43:41,200 --> 00:43:41,210 the National Science Teachers 907 00:43:41,210 --> 00:43:43,750 the National Science Teachers Association and Industry sponsors who 908 00:43:43,750 --> 00:43:43,760 Association and Industry sponsors who 909 00:43:43,760 --> 00:43:45,610 Association and Industry sponsors who helped transform winning proposals into 910 00:43:45,610 --> 00:43:45,620 helped transform winning proposals into 911 00:43:45,620 --> 00:43:48,070 helped transform winning proposals into flight experiments since this first 912 00:43:48,070 --> 00:43:48,080 flight experiments since this first 913 00:43:48,080 --> 00:43:49,690 flight experiments since this first flight young people in high schools 914 00:43:49,690 --> 00:43:49,700 flight young people in high schools 915 00:43:49,700 --> 00:43:51,220 flight young people in high schools around the country have developed and 916 00:43:51,220 --> 00:43:51,230 around the country have developed and 917 00:43:51,230 --> 00:43:53,680 around the country have developed and flown a variety of experiments ranging 918 00:43:53,680 --> 00:43:53,690 flown a variety of experiments ranging 919 00:43:53,690 --> 00:43:55,900 flown a variety of experiments ranging from medical projects to the study of 920 00:43:55,900 --> 00:43:55,910 from medical projects to the study of 921 00:43:55,910 --> 00:44:01,000 from medical projects to the study of zero-gravity on an ant colony they are 922 00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:01,010 zero-gravity on an ant colony they are 923 00:44:01,010 --> 00:44:02,650 zero-gravity on an ant colony they are setting an example for others who may be 924 00:44:02,650 --> 00:44:02,660 setting an example for others who may be 925 00:44:02,660 --> 00:44:04,390 setting an example for others who may be encouraged to pursue careers in science 926 00:44:04,390 --> 00:44:04,400 encouraged to pursue careers in science 927 00:44:04,400 --> 00:44:06,130 encouraged to pursue careers in science and engineering something that 928 00:44:06,130 --> 00:44:06,140 and engineering something that 929 00:44:06,140 --> 00:44:07,570 and engineering something that ultimately can be translated into 930 00:44:07,570 --> 00:44:07,580 ultimately can be translated into 931 00:44:07,580 --> 00:44:18,370 ultimately can be translated into technological leadership for the u.s. on 932 00:44:18,370 --> 00:44:18,380 technological leadership for the u.s. on 933 00:44:18,380 --> 00:44:21,860 technological leadership for the u.s. on its fourth and final test flight 934 00:44:21,860 --> 00:44:21,870 its fourth and final test flight 935 00:44:21,870 --> 00:44:23,960 its fourth and final test flight performance made it possible to certify 936 00:44:23,960 --> 00:44:23,970 performance made it possible to certify 937 00:44:23,970 --> 00:44:26,480 performance made it possible to certify the space transportation system a fully 938 00:44:26,480 --> 00:44:26,490 the space transportation system a fully 939 00:44:26,490 --> 00:44:31,400 the space transportation system a fully operational carrier as they landed on 940 00:44:31,400 --> 00:44:31,410 operational carrier as they landed on 941 00:44:31,410 --> 00:44:33,560 operational carrier as they landed on July 4th the crew was greeted by 942 00:44:33,560 --> 00:44:33,570 July 4th the crew was greeted by 943 00:44:33,570 --> 00:44:45,209 July 4th the crew was greeted by president and mrs. Reagan 944 00:44:45,209 --> 00:44:45,219 945 00:44:45,219 --> 00:44:48,400 the first operational flight to 946 00:44:48,400 --> 00:44:48,410 the first operational flight to 947 00:44:48,410 --> 00:44:50,440 the first operational flight to commercial communication satellites were 948 00:44:50,440 --> 00:44:50,450 commercial communication satellites were 949 00:44:50,450 --> 00:44:52,479 commercial communication satellites were hauled into orbit one for satellite 950 00:44:52,479 --> 00:44:52,489 hauled into orbit one for satellite 951 00:44:52,489 --> 00:44:54,880 hauled into orbit one for satellite business systems and one for Telesat of 952 00:44:54,880 --> 00:44:54,890 business systems and one for Telesat of 953 00:44:54,890 --> 00:44:57,309 business systems and one for Telesat of Canada their deployment was a complete 954 00:44:57,309 --> 00:44:57,319 Canada their deployment was a complete 955 00:44:57,319 --> 00:45:02,620 Canada their deployment was a complete success 956 00:45:02,620 --> 00:45:02,630 957 00:45:02,630 --> 00:45:04,839 space shuttle six was the second 958 00:45:04,839 --> 00:45:04,849 space shuttle six was the second 959 00:45:04,849 --> 00:45:07,059 space shuttle six was the second operational mission and flight one for 960 00:45:07,059 --> 00:45:07,069 operational mission and flight one for 961 00:45:07,069 --> 00:45:08,799 operational mission and flight one for challenger this country's newest 962 00:45:08,799 --> 00:45:08,809 challenger this country's newest 963 00:45:08,809 --> 00:45:11,890 challenger this country's newest spacecraft after launching a 5,000 pound 964 00:45:11,890 --> 00:45:11,900 spacecraft after launching a 5,000 pound 965 00:45:11,900 --> 00:45:16,690 spacecraft after launching a 5,000 pound truck and mission specialist astronauts 966 00:45:16,690 --> 00:45:16,700 truck and mission specialist astronauts 967 00:45:16,700 --> 00:45:19,059 truck and mission specialist astronauts story Musgrave and Donna Pederson became 968 00:45:19,059 --> 00:45:19,069 story Musgrave and Donna Pederson became 969 00:45:19,069 --> 00:45:21,400 story Musgrave and Donna Pederson became the first Americans in nine years to 970 00:45:21,400 --> 00:45:21,410 the first Americans in nine years to 971 00:45:21,410 --> 00:46:13,580 the first Americans in nine years to work in space 972 00:46:13,580 --> 00:46:13,590 973 00:46:13,590 --> 00:46:16,970 quite a pair of communication satellites 974 00:46:16,970 --> 00:46:16,980 quite a pair of communication satellites 975 00:46:16,980 --> 00:46:25,720 quite a pair of communication satellites in Onision Roger that looks great 976 00:46:25,720 --> 00:46:25,730 977 00:46:25,730 --> 00:46:29,440 shuttles 1 & 2 were now operational with 978 00:46:29,440 --> 00:46:29,450 shuttles 1 & 2 were now operational with 979 00:46:29,450 --> 00:46:30,849 shuttles 1 & 2 were now operational with the addition of a third orbiter 980 00:46:30,849 --> 00:46:30,859 the addition of a third orbiter 981 00:46:30,859 --> 00:46:31,660 the addition of a third orbiter Discoverer 982 00:46:31,660 --> 00:46:31,670 Discoverer 983 00:46:31,670 --> 00:46:33,910 Discoverer to the fleet and with literally dozens 984 00:46:33,910 --> 00:46:33,920 to the fleet and with literally dozens 985 00:46:33,920 --> 00:46:35,890 to the fleet and with literally dozens of astronauts in training at any given 986 00:46:35,890 --> 00:46:35,900 of astronauts in training at any given 987 00:46:35,900 --> 00:46:38,050 of astronauts in training at any given time this new space transportation 988 00:46:38,050 --> 00:46:38,060 time this new space transportation 989 00:46:38,060 --> 00:46:40,540 time this new space transportation system would begin delivering in earnest 990 00:46:40,540 --> 00:46:40,550 system would begin delivering in earnest 991 00:46:40,550 --> 00:46:48,460 system would begin delivering in earnest and with increasing frequency opening a 992 00:46:48,460 --> 00:46:48,470 and with increasing frequency opening a 993 00:46:48,470 --> 00:46:51,250 and with increasing frequency opening a new era in science is Space Lab where 994 00:46:51,250 --> 00:46:51,260 new era in science is Space Lab where 995 00:46:51,260 --> 00:46:53,170 new era in science is Space Lab where scientists from around the world work 996 00:46:53,170 --> 00:46:53,180 scientists from around the world work 997 00:46:53,180 --> 00:46:54,940 scientists from around the world work together in a unique international 998 00:46:54,940 --> 00:46:54,950 together in a unique international 999 00:46:54,950 --> 00:46:57,370 together in a unique international research center aboard NASA's Space 1000 00:46:57,370 --> 00:46:57,380 research center aboard NASA's Space 1001 00:46:57,380 --> 00:46:59,349 research center aboard NASA's Space Shuttle built by the European Space 1002 00:46:59,349 --> 00:46:59,359 Shuttle built by the European Space 1003 00:46:59,359 --> 00:47:01,840 Shuttle built by the European Space Agency Space Lab is creating exciting 1004 00:47:01,840 --> 00:47:01,850 Agency Space Lab is creating exciting 1005 00:47:01,850 --> 00:47:03,790 Agency Space Lab is creating exciting new opportunities for research in all 1006 00:47:03,790 --> 00:47:03,800 new opportunities for research in all 1007 00:47:03,800 --> 00:47:05,920 new opportunities for research in all the sciences and is making routine 1008 00:47:05,920 --> 00:47:05,930 the sciences and is making routine 1009 00:47:05,930 --> 00:47:10,700 the sciences and is making routine international cooperation a reality 1010 00:47:10,700 --> 00:47:10,710 1011 00:47:10,710 --> 00:47:13,040 looking farther ahead there's the space 1012 00:47:13,040 --> 00:47:13,050 looking farther ahead there's the space 1013 00:47:13,050 --> 00:47:15,020 looking farther ahead there's the space telescope that will expand our vision 1014 00:47:15,020 --> 00:47:15,030 telescope that will expand our vision 1015 00:47:15,030 --> 00:47:19,400 telescope that will expand our vision almost to the edge of the universe the 1016 00:47:19,400 --> 00:47:19,410 almost to the edge of the universe the 1017 00:47:19,410 --> 00:47:21,020 almost to the edge of the universe the shuttle gives the United States an 1018 00:47:21,020 --> 00:47:21,030 shuttle gives the United States an 1019 00:47:21,030 --> 00:47:23,329 shuttle gives the United States an unrivaled tool for the practical use of 1020 00:47:23,329 --> 00:47:23,339 unrivaled tool for the practical use of 1021 00:47:23,339 --> 00:47:26,120 unrivaled tool for the practical use of space historically the space program has 1022 00:47:26,120 --> 00:47:26,130 space historically the space program has 1023 00:47:26,130 --> 00:47:28,190 space historically the space program has proceeded in a building block fashion 1024 00:47:28,190 --> 00:47:28,200 proceeded in a building block fashion 1025 00:47:28,200 --> 00:47:30,440 proceeded in a building block fashion and toward that end nASA has begun 1026 00:47:30,440 --> 00:47:30,450 and toward that end nASA has begun 1027 00:47:30,450 --> 00:47:32,630 and toward that end nASA has begun looking at the next logical step a 1028 00:47:32,630 --> 00:47:32,640 looking at the next logical step a 1029 00:47:32,640 --> 00:47:34,820 looking at the next logical step a possible future space station a 1030 00:47:34,820 --> 00:47:34,830 possible future space station a 1031 00:47:34,830 --> 00:47:38,420 possible future space station a permanent presence in space the station 1032 00:47:38,420 --> 00:47:38,430 permanent presence in space the station 1033 00:47:38,430 --> 00:47:39,890 permanent presence in space the station would serve as a scientific and 1034 00:47:39,890 --> 00:47:39,900 would serve as a scientific and 1035 00:47:39,900 --> 00:47:42,109 would serve as a scientific and technological laboratory as well as an 1036 00:47:42,109 --> 00:47:42,119 technological laboratory as well as an 1037 00:47:42,119 --> 00:47:44,030 technological laboratory as well as an Operations base from which satellites 1038 00:47:44,030 --> 00:47:44,040 Operations base from which satellites 1039 00:47:44,040 --> 00:47:46,460 Operations base from which satellites could be serviced and large structures 1040 00:47:46,460 --> 00:47:46,470 could be serviced and large structures 1041 00:47:46,470 --> 00:47:49,040 could be serviced and large structures assembled one of the highest priorities 1042 00:47:49,040 --> 00:47:49,050 assembled one of the highest priorities 1043 00:47:49,050 --> 00:47:51,290 assembled one of the highest priorities is to develop a clear understanding of a 1044 00:47:51,290 --> 00:47:51,300 is to develop a clear understanding of a 1045 00:47:51,300 --> 00:47:53,510 is to develop a clear understanding of a station's proper role in the total space 1046 00:47:53,510 --> 00:47:53,520 station's proper role in the total space 1047 00:47:53,520 --> 00:47:55,940 station's proper role in the total space program so that if and when it is 1048 00:47:55,940 --> 00:47:55,950 program so that if and when it is 1049 00:47:55,950 --> 00:47:58,040 program so that if and when it is proposed for development the station 1050 00:47:58,040 --> 00:47:58,050 proposed for development the station 1051 00:47:58,050 --> 00:47:59,780 proposed for development the station will be a truly significant national 1052 00:47:59,780 --> 00:47:59,790 will be a truly significant national 1053 00:47:59,790 --> 00:48:02,630 will be a truly significant national asset one that would ensure continued 1054 00:48:02,630 --> 00:48:02,640 asset one that would ensure continued 1055 00:48:02,640 --> 00:48:24,650 asset one that would ensure continued American preeminence in space our 1056 00:48:24,650 --> 00:48:24,660 American preeminence in space our 1057 00:48:24,660 --> 00:48:27,670 American preeminence in space our freedom independence national well-being 1058 00:48:27,670 --> 00:48:27,680 freedom independence national well-being 1059 00:48:27,680 --> 00:48:31,820 freedom independence national well-being will be new achievements new discoveries 1060 00:48:31,820 --> 00:48:31,830 will be new achievements new discoveries 1061 00:48:31,830 --> 00:48:36,349 will be new achievements new discoveries and push new frontiers we must to the 1062 00:48:36,349 --> 00:48:36,359 and push new frontiers we must to the 1063 00:48:36,359 --> 00:48:39,380 and push new frontiers we must to the future by demonstrating the potential 1064 00:48:39,380 --> 00:48:39,390 future by demonstrating the potential 1065 00:48:39,390 --> 00:48:43,280 future by demonstrating the potential and establishing a more permanent in 1066 00:48:43,280 --> 00:48:43,290 and establishing a more permanent in 1067 00:48:43,290 --> 00:48:46,520 and establishing a more permanent in space 1068 00:48:46,520 --> 00:48:46,530 1069 00:48:46,530 --> 00:48:51,170 the 25th anniversary of NASA to a casual 1070 00:48:51,170 --> 00:48:51,180 the 25th anniversary of NASA to a casual 1071 00:48:51,180 --> 00:48:53,810 the 25th anniversary of NASA to a casual observer NASA is identified by launch 1072 00:48:53,810 --> 00:48:53,820 observer NASA is identified by launch 1073 00:48:53,820 --> 00:48:56,930 observer NASA is identified by launch vehicles and spacecraft and airplanes 1074 00:48:56,930 --> 00:48:56,940 vehicles and spacecraft and airplanes 1075 00:48:56,940 --> 00:49:00,590 vehicles and spacecraft and airplanes and wind tunnels but it is the people 1076 00:49:00,590 --> 00:49:00,600 and wind tunnels but it is the people 1077 00:49:00,600 --> 00:49:02,750 and wind tunnels but it is the people behind it all who are really important 1078 00:49:02,750 --> 00:49:02,760 behind it all who are really important 1079 00:49:02,760 --> 00:49:05,990 behind it all who are really important it's the people who think and dream and 1080 00:49:05,990 --> 00:49:06,000 it's the people who think and dream and 1081 00:49:06,000 --> 00:49:09,170 it's the people who think and dream and work to make these things possible that 1082 00:49:09,170 --> 00:49:09,180 work to make these things possible that 1083 00:49:09,180 --> 00:49:11,210 work to make these things possible that is the true measure of NASA's strengths 1084 00:49:11,210 --> 00:49:11,220 is the true measure of NASA's strengths 1085 00:49:11,220 --> 00:49:14,210 is the true measure of NASA's strengths and its successes and it is to the next 1086 00:49:14,210 --> 00:49:14,220 and its successes and it is to the next 1087 00:49:14,220 --> 00:49:16,730 and its successes and it is to the next generation of space pioneers the youth 1088 00:49:16,730 --> 00:49:16,740 generation of space pioneers the youth 1089 00:49:16,740 --> 00:49:19,190 generation of space pioneers the youth of the world that this program is 1090 00:49:19,190 --> 00:49:19,200 of the world that this program is 1091 00:49:19,200 --> 00:50:02,779 of the world that this program is dedicated 1092 00:50:02,779 --> 00:50:02,789 1093 00:50:02,789 --> 00:50:04,849 you